Article 258 Tfeu – Key Features

â€Å"†¦judicial and legislative developments *have+ made the *infringement+ procedure [come] of age- from a rarely used, opaque and policy-driven procedure, it has now become a common, fairly transparent and highly technical procedure. † Prete & Smuldres â€Å"The coming of age of infringement proceedings† (2010) 47 CMLR 9 Has the infringement procedure finally â€Å"come of age†? Critically outline the key features of the Article 258 TFEU procedure and relevant caselaw.Article 258 TFEU (Formerly Art 226 EC) empowers the European Commission to deliver a reasoned opinion to a member state when it considers that the state has failed to fulfil an obligation under the treaties. The action seeks to â€Å"fulfil an obligation under the EC Treaty† and to â€Å"obtain a declaration that the conduct of a Member State infringes Community Law and of terminating that conduct†. If the Court of Justice of the European Union finds that the member state has f ailed to fulfil the obligation the member state shall be required to take the necessary measures to comply with the judgment.Other mechanisms exist to secure the correct application of EU Law, including the principle of direct effect and primacy of EU Law. These measures permits an individual or a company to have their rights enforced before a national court on the basis of EU Law provisions, even if such provisions are not specified within the national legal system where the application is made. Article 258 TFEU can be described as a law enforcement tool against Member States. Each Member State is responsible for the applying EU Law in a manner that is full and correct.The Court has the power to decide if a Member State is meeting its obligations that is has under the Treaties. According to statistics from the Court, approximately 200 cases are lodged before it each year. This accounts for a fraction of the suspected infringements that are investigated. The vast majority of cases a re resolved through dialogue and negotiation. As such, court proceedings are considered the final step in resolving a matter where other options have failed.Article 17(1) TEU (formerly Art 211 EC) gives the enforcement and controlling powers required by the Commission to enforce the application of EU Law by Member States. A Member State may be forced to take drastic steps including modification or rescission of national legislation or even modification of a Constitution in order to comply with a Court ruling. Financial penalties may be applied to a Member State if the state fails to comply with a Court ruling. In most circumstances, Member States do comply with the Court rulings, but they may take some time to implement such rulings, which may incur a significant financial penalty.As Guardian of the Treaties, the Commission has improved the transparency of the infringement procedures in recent years. The procedure is objective in nature and the decision rests with the Court to decid e if there has been a breach of law as alleged by the Commission. The infringement procedure begins with a request for information (so-called â€Å"Letter of Formal Notice†) to the member state concerned, which must be answered within a specified period, usually two months.If the Commission is not satisfied with the information and concludes that the Member State in question is failing to fulfill its obligations under EU law, the Commission may then send a formal request to comply with EU law (so-called â€Å"Reasoned Opinion†), calling on the member state to inform the Commission of the measures taken to comply within a specified period, usually two months. If a Member State fails to ensure compliance with EU law, the Commission may then decide to refer the Member State to the Court of Justice.However, in over 90 per cent of infringement cases, member states comply with their obligations under EU law before they are referred to the Court. If the Court rules against a member state, the member state must then take the necessary measures to comply with the judgment. If, despite the ruling, a Member State still fails to act, the Commission may open a further infringement case under Article 260 of the TFEU, with only one written warning before referring the member state back to Court.If the Commission does refer a member state back to Court, it can propose that the Court imposes financial penalties on the member state concerned based on the duration and severity of the infringement and the size of the member state (both a lump sum depending on the time elapsed since the original Court ruling and a daily penalty payment for each day after a second Court ruling until the infringement ends). These decisions cover many sectors; they aim at ensuring proper application of EU law for the benefit of citizens and businesses.Before referring a Member State to the Court, the Commission first requests information from the Member State concerned and then, if nece ssary, formally requests the Member State to comply with EU law. Around 95 per cent of infringement cases are resolved at the administration stage, i. e. before they reach the Court. If after a ruling by the Court of Justice, a member state still fails to act, the Commission warns the member state in writing.In case of continued lack of appropriate action by the member state, the Commission may take the member state back to Court, and can request the Court to impose a lump sum penalty and/or a daily penalty payment on the member state concerned. This procedure is based on Article 260 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union. http://www. baltic-course. com/eng/baltic_states/? doc=33306 http://europa. eu/rapid/pressReleasesAction. do? eference=IP/10/ 1422&format=HTML&aged=0&language=FR&guiLanguage=fr http://ec. europa. eu/eu_law/infringements/infringements_en. htm http://ec. europa. eu/eu_law/infringements/infringements_decisions_en. htm http://ec. europa. eu/eu_law/eula w/decisions/dec_20101124. htm#ie http://www. ivoryresearch. com/sample14. php http://justin-santiago. blogspot. com/2009/05/article-226. html The effectiveness of an Art 226 action is diminished by the length of time the process takes and the lack of a serious penalty.The only result of a finding by the ECJ under Art 226 is that the Member State is in breach is a declaration to that effect. The Member State can continue to avoid complying with Community law obligations. Although documents related to the infringement proceedings is available a major source of frustration is difficulty in obtaining access to documents related to infringement proceedings. The Commission does not have enough resources to bring enforcement proceedings against member states under Article 226.By introducing the concept of direct effect of EC law as well as indirect effect or in action for damages on the basis of the state liability doctrine, the ECJ enabled individuals and companies throughout the EU to be come enforcers of Community law in the Member States without the need for Commission involvement. http://justin-santiago. blogspot. com/2009/05/article-226. html http://eur-lex. europa. eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ. do? uri=CELEX:62003J0459:EN:NOT Articles 258 TFEU (ex Article 226 EC) and 260 TFEU (ex Article 227 EC) provide the appropriate remedies in cases where member States fail to fulfil

An Interesting Place To Visit

It is good to travel. Traveling is instructive, and it is also teaching us about other cultures. That is the best way to learn about people, their way of living, their cultures, and their past history. In fact, Wahoo Bay Beach is very an attractive place to visit. Anybody who likes to travel should plan to visit one day. First, a guest at Wahoo Bay Beach has two options to admire its beautiful view. He or she can choose accommodation near the pool or a quiet location by the garden.There, he or she can relax as he or she watches the surfers gently sweep over the tumbling ocean waves. Seeing the tall palm trees slow movement back and forth in the wind is relaxing as they are making gentle, peaceful sounds. The terrace overlooks the tops green trees and vividly bright color flowers on one side, also a seemingly endless sandy beach and crystal clear water on the other side. During summer time, as anybody lies in the sand, he or she can see kites rise above the clouds and soar gracefully in the wind, which is blowing gently through the trees and sand.Besides the pool and beach, water lovers can sunbath on the stabilized raft. Second, everything on Wahoo Bay Beach has its own unique feature. The multi-tiered grounds are a lush garden of plants and flowers that add to beautiful backdrop of the blue sea and the green mountains. The rooms are large, spacious, and clean exceptionally. The view is to die for. The place is a quiet atmosphere from hustle and bustle of the city. The food is tasty.All meals are specially prepared to the guests liking. Whether it is spicy lobster, beef filet, Creole chicken or any of their menu options anybody chooses, regardless of selection he or she will not be disappointed as Wahoo Bay Beach is noted for its finely prepared cuisine. To sum up, Wahoo Bay Beach is an amazing place to visit mainly because of its view sight, nature sounds. Anybody who visits Wahoo Bay Beach would feel that he or she is in his or her own world.

The Effects of Salt Water on Gummy Bears

Marisela Andrade The Effects of Salt Water on Gummy Bears Facilitated diffusion depends on passive transport. Molecules cross cell membrane by diffusion. A type of diffusion is osmosis. If no energy is input into the system during diffusion, the molecules will reach a state of equilibrium. The purpose of this experiment was to study why the death occurred among those who drank salt water. Two blue gummy bears had a height of 2 centimeters each. The mass of these gummy bears together were 5. 28 grams.Two orange gummy bears had a height of 2 centimeters each. The mass of these gummy bears together were 5. 37 grams. The blue gummy bears were contained in water for 24 hours while the orange gummy bears were kept in a container filled with 3. 5% salt water for 24 hours. The gummy bears were taken out of these containers after 24 hours and measured for their mass and height again. The blue gummy bears height decreased to 1. 8 centimeters each and its mass decreased by 32%. The orange gummi es height increased to 2. 5 centimeters and its mass increased by 62%.Gummy bears are made up of a mixture of sugar and glucose syrup along with citric acid and gelatin. Citric acid is an organic acid to add a sour taste to food and drinks. Gelatin is a mixture of peptides and proteins produced by partial hydrolysis of collagen extracted from the skin. Therefore, the salt water entered the blue gummy bear and mixed up with the sugar and glucose syrup leaving it small and hard. The orange gummy bear increased in size and mass because the water entered the body and mixed up with ingredients, causing the gelatin to grow.

Crowdfunding in Nigeria Literature review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 6000 words - 1

Crowdfunding in Nigeria - Literature review Example This has become a very popular method of raising funds for any time of project but little is known about the motivation and interest of the people donating on the crowdfunding platforms (Fowler, 2007). According to Hemer (2011), the crowdfunding has been defined as the process that involves the making an open call through the medium of internet for provision of the financial resources. These can take the form of rewards in exchange of some form of voting right or equity in the organization. Hemer (2011), further argues that although the crowd funding was in existence in the late 1990 and was largely used on the internet, it was limited to the to get funding for activities in the creative industries that included making of videos or film Publishing by the independent writers and journalist other people in the theatres, visual arts and games. However, the development in the recent times brought by the invention of new tools like the Web 2.0 and social media and networking sites has con tributed to the use the viral networking and marketing (Lee, DeWester and Park, 2008). This has attracted a huge number of people in the to some web communities that is of interest to them within a very short time (Crowdsourcing.org. 2012). Although the crowdfunding has only attracted the scholarly investigation in the recent times, the concept is an old age one that has been practiced in some societies. An example of early application of crowdfunding is seen in the building of the Pedestal for the statue of liberty. This statue was established in1884 by Joseph Pulitzer, who had made an open call to the people in America provide the micro donations to fund the project (pritts, 2010). The online funding is otherwise a new concept that is has been greatly boosted by the development of the Web 2.0 technology (Lee, DeWester, and Park, 2008). This has resulted in the establishment of more crowd funding

Reaction Essay Lab Report Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Reaction Essay - Lab Report Example He argues that reconstructing the informants’ perceptions of the fieldworker as, variously, academic hustler, ‘nigger just like us’ and ‘Arab’ – can aid the researcher in determining patterns of structure and meaning among the individual, group, and/or community under study. He intended his article therefore to reflect on informants’ construction of his subsumption within a field of social relations in which the ‘hustle’ was an overriding organizing standard. To compare this article now with another article entitled â€Å"Personal Safety in Dangerous Places† by Terry Williams is to see first what the latter author is saying about. Williams introduced his work by saying that personal safety during fieldwork is seldom addressed directly in the literature. He narrated a fact drawn from his many prior yeas of ethnographic research and from field experience while studying crack distributors in New York City, where the authors provided a variety of strategies by which ethnographic research can be safely conducted in dangerous settings. He explained that by protecting an appropriated demeanor, ethnographers can seek others for protector and locator roles, routinely create a safety zone in the field, and establish compatible field roles with potential subjects. Terry Williams (1992) therefore intended of his article to provide strategies for avoiding or handling sexual approaches, common law crimes, fights, drive-by shootings, and contact s with the police. He found out that when integrated with other standard qualitative methods, ethnographic strategies help to ensure that no physical harm comes to the field-worker and staff members. He added that the presence of researchers may actually reduce (and not increase) potential and actual violence among crack distributors/abusers or others present in the field setting (Williams, 1992). In short what he was saying was

Communicating Across Organizational Boundaries Assignment

Communicating Across Organizational Boundaries - Assignment Example This paper, therefore, provides some of the considerations to be put into place when communicating with colleagues from this country. One of the communication aspects to recognize while in Baghdad is the religion or religious practices of Baghdad inhabitants. Islamic religion dominates almost all parts of the Middle East countries. It is, therefore, necessary to put into consideration the aspect of religious norms whenever you are communicating with colleagues from Baghdad. A Muslim as per the Koran is someone who has accepted Islamic religion and is willing to live his whole life in accordance to the Islamic teachings. It is also necessary to note that Islamic communication aspects are often unique. Therefore, they usually engage in the use of body language whenever they communicate (Emmitt & Gorse, 2003). Muslims believe in showing much respect to one another; therefore, shouting when talking should be totally avoided when engaging in an ordinary conversation with them. Islamic greeting cordially embroils the use of theological terms like â€Å"may peace of the lord be upon you or may God’s blessings be with you† (Hartig, 2011). It is, therefore, highly important to consider these aspects of salutations whenever you are communicating to a colleague from Baghdad. Cultural practices also play a significant role in communication. It is, therefore, necessary to consider Islamic cultural beliefs when communicating with a person from Baghdad. Some languages may be ordinarily used in other countries, but while in Baghdad, these languages are taboos and unpleasant to the ears of Baghdad’s inhabitants. Culture refers to a people’s way of life including their language practices, foods they eat, values and norms (Emmitt & Gorse, 2003). In most cases, Islamic communication aspect of culture is often upheld especially when communicating with elders. Most Muslims uphold a higher integrity of communication values that involve respect for the

Management of Resources and Operations. Coca-Cola Company Term Paper

Management of Resources and Operations. Coca-Cola Company - Term Paper Example The company has been successful over the past years in terms of growth and market share globally. It uses franchising business model whereby it only manufactures the concentrate and then sells it to its franchised outlets. Its management is crucial to this success since it lays down the platform on how processes are done. To create an order in its operations, the global headquarters makes all major decisions like promotional advertisements and branding while every regional level implements them hence creation uniformity in the market. This research paper will seek to establish the management of resources and operations and the resultant success in Coca-Cola Company. Functions of Management Though management’s functions might vary, it carries out four key functions. In planning function, it identifies tasks to be done and offer procedure on how to perform them. It also declares and specifies the deadlines for the responsibilities. The main intention of planning is to work towar ds aspiration achievement both short term or long-term. Management controls by comparing performance against previous or set standards (Aswathappa & Dash. 2007:23). This enables the organization to set boundaries on business activities. Measuring of performance enables the organization to plan the next course of action as a corrective measure. Its organizing function encompasses dividing roles and tasks among employees as a mechanism of implementing of plans. Influencing may also mean motivating of employees. Therefore, through influencing, the management provides guiding principle on activities that are pilot to goal achievement. Influencing increases productivity in an organization since people are motivated (Griffin, 2011:12). Therefore, operations management ensures that production of goods is within the undeviating time possible, with the least amount of resources and customer needs addressed efficiently and effectively. Management Strategies in Coca-Cola Company The companyâ⠂¬â„¢ success and profitability is a fruit of its management strategies that keep its operations on track to goal achievement (Bodden, 2008:8). Its management involves itself in environmental scanning whereby it collects data, analyzes it, and provide information for strategy planning. This scanning helps it identify the present internal and external opportunities as well as threats. Therefore, it is essential to carry out the environmental analysis frequently for a continuous improvement in the organization. Strategy formulation is another milestone for success to Coca-Cola Company (Marr, 2010:286). It has a definite course of action on how to achieve the organizational goals. In other words, this may refer to the road map that the company should use in order to achieve its goals. The senior level management is bestowed with the responsibility for the formulation of long-term strategies, and shaping them. As the same time, the front line managers make decisions on tactical strategi es; they make short-term decisions. Another key function within the company is strategy implementation. Once the company establishes its strategy, putting it into operation is of significance (Jennings, 2011:27). The implementation process involves designing its structure, distributing resources, formulating a decision making channel, as well as managing

Theism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Theism - Essay Example Through his reasoning, it implies that God does not exist. He argues that some people belief on life after death. Those who die pure will have a new life in the after-death world; they are the one to know if God exist or not (Joshua, 77-80). This reasoning paste a clear thought of God being non-existent. He argues that every truth is not known, thus, no reason to belief God as possessing the supernatural and omniscient powers. He argues that without truth, faith does not convince him that there existent a being who designed others in this world Clement, 182-190). Russel says that since no-one has rose from death to prove the idea of life after-death, objects in this world were meant to exist without the control of any supernatural being. He says that life has a meaning, but one finds himself on this world by fate (Clement, 156-158). He argues that those believing in God’s existence have not seen or proved that he exists, thus, the only people with a clear point are those who a re against theism. Many authors have had an argument in support of theism and existences of God as a supernatural being, one of these arguments for theism are discussed in this paper. Thomas Aquinas argues in favor of theism. He argues that although contingent things exist, they are not omnipresent. This argument supports that God is the only being that is supernatural and omnipresent. ... to be empty, nothing was to exist presently, thus, the world is not empty, meaning that some superpower’s work made it to be full of life (Mackie, 116-122). It can be concluded that there is another being that is not contingent, hence, God exist. The other argument for theism by Aquinas is that of objects having properties to be greater or lesser. He argues that; if an object has a property to a lesser extent, then there exists another object that has the property to the maximum possible degree. This implies that there is an entity that has all properties to the maximum possible degree. This entity represent a supernatural being that has the power to make an object lesser or bigger. This supernatural being is God who exists and has powers than is non-existent to any other object (Joshua, 198-202). Some objects have brains while others do not, they all must have been created by one being who had a brain and creativity to make each to look beautiful and all are inter-dependent f or their existence. From all the arguments by Aquinas, one can conclude that God exists. I support Aquinas’ argument that God exist and he is a supernatural being. This is attributed to the fact that even Russel agrees that there is life after death. This implies that with one the pure who are allowed to enter into the after death world, thus the existence of God. The present world is designed in a complex way, with different races, tribes, various species of animals and plants among others. This is not the work of an ordinary being, but one who has control of all the things in this world. The design is marvelous and the way each object in this world inter-related implies that the designer must have had supernatural brains and the highest level of creativity. The prove of his existence is

Sources of Power Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Sources of Power Paper - Essay Example The motive of public leadership is to set a vision and motivate people to follow it with the purpose of ensuring unity. These leaders create a positive environment and promote shared standards and high performances filled with team spirit and trust. They also aim to drive successful actions and results collectively. The United States of America has a total of 435 constituencies and each have their own public leader. The federal government in the USA is not supposed to intervene in the policies of the constituencies set by the public leaders. These leaders may take help from the Congress who provides them with members to help them with their problems. The major role of the Congress is to provide service to the constituents by assisting them in providing members to win elections. These constituencies have their own voting and elections in which only the people of that constituency will be able to vote. Public leaders of constituencies can be elected by their constituents and their laws can be limited to their constituencies only (Rehfield, 2005). Constituencies in the United States of America are also known as electoral districts. These electoral districts were seen important in the American politics as they influenced the presidential elections. This was mainly because of certain groups that were not allowed to vote before the civil rights act such as the minorities. Electoral districts allowed the blacks to choose their own public leaders through constituency elections. The systems of these constituencies could be decided and created by the public leaders as far as they followed the American constitution. In 1963, the election system of Georgia was called unconstitutional and invalid as it violated the constitutional amendments. In America, the constituencies can have their own leaders and policies thus they can set rules according to their constituencies’ features and needs. This is because of the power which is assigned to them by the constitution and position. The source of their power is their position, their personal powers and through their people. Before the civil rights act, the blacks were discriminated from voting and participating in elections. The electoral districts have given the blacks representation from constituencies where they are in majority (Rehfield, 2005). In the same way, the rural areas have gained representation and participation in presidential elections. However, there are still constituencies where indirect discrimination exists against blacks such as the policy to allow voting to those who have driving licenses knowing that blacks couldn’t afford them. The public leaders elected in the electoral constituencies have constitutional powers. These elected members become the members of the House of Representatives. They are given the powers to create laws and policies for their constituencies. They also participate in the House of Representatives and present their views for their constituency. The pu blic leaders are assigned those powers that are not in the hands of the federal or state government. Some of the aspects are left for the constituency leaders who set laws according to their region’s needs and demands. They play an important role in bringing their constituents together and motivating them towards a single goal. The positional power is not based on the person’s conduct or behavior, but only on the number of votes that he achieved to gain that position. The US Supreme Court has concluded that the federal government cannot intervene in the lawmaking of the constituencies’ leaders unless they are unconstitutional. The public leaders also have personal power which is derived from their own expertise and knowledge. They are given the powers because of their skills and abilities to deal with them such as

Political and economic concerns in global expansion of the firm Essay

Political and economic concerns in global expansion of the firm - Essay Example For example, these domestic forces are extremely powerful in advance / developed nations unlike in developing nations where enterprises are blatantly involved in employing child labor, use of unethical practices and irresponsible production methods to maximize their wealth and rate of return. The first major factor that have to be taken into account by strategic planners and top executives of a business entity when going global is accurate analysis of international business environment. Indeed, economic recession and turmoil followed by credit crunch also hampers growth and expansion of host nation’s economy. For instance, the host nation is also dependent on other developing and advance world economies for foreign trade; however, lower aggregate consumption and output reduces trade and commerce activities in such nations that later adversely impacts chosen host country’s markets. In simple words, the recession results in unemployment, poverty and low purchasing power that aggravates business scenario in chosen markets. (Daft, 2009) The second major factor is exchange rate fluctuations of host nation’s currency. Indeed, the frequent undervaluation or overvaluation of currency due to lack of appropriate foreign reserves from foreign trade may lead to exchange losses at the time of conversion. For example, if currency of Japan is undervalued against home country’s (USA) currency at the time of investment ($1 = 90 Yen), it is beneficial for a foreign nation to invest in an economy because more monetary units are received from exchange. Nevertheless, after the formation of business subsidiary if currency undervalues further ($1 = 95 Yen), it would lead to exchange losses when subsidiary firm will opt to transfer profits back to USA. In contrast, if Japanese Yen appreciates and become stronger ($1 = 80 Yen) then US firm will be advantaged

Nursing and Health Care Essay Example for Free

Nursing and Health Care Essay 1. In 1200 B.C., the ill were treated with a mixture of physical, prayer, and magic spells. Temples were health centers. From the 1st-10th century initial care was at the local bishop’s house. They had deacons and deaconesses. In the 19th century, nurses cared for patients while at the risk of exposure to disease. Nursing in hospitals expanded in the 19th century, but nursing the communities did not increase significantly until 1893 when the Henry Street Settlement opened and focused on the health needs of poor people who lived in tenements in New York City. 2. 3. Nursing is the protection, promotion, and optimization of health and abilities; prevention of illness and injury; alleviation of suffering through the diagnosis and treatment of human response; and advocacy in the care of individuals, families, communities, and populations. 4. She saw the role of nursing as having â€Å"charge of somebody’s health† based on the knowledge of â€Å"how to put the body in such a state to be free of disease or to recover from disease.† She was the first nurse epidemiologist who connected poor sanitation with cholera and dysentery. 5. There were no standards to help control disease. Nursing was not a distinct profession. 6. Florence Nightingale-implemented methods to improve battlefield sanitation, which ultimately reduced illness, infection, and mortality. Clara Barton- 1st woman to gain employment in the federal government and is the founder of the American Red Cross and tended to soldiers on the battlefield, cleansing their wounds, meeting their basic needs and comforting them in death. Dorothea Lynde Dix-School teacher, founded schools, advocate for the mentally ill, formed an army nursing corps, and organized hospitals and ambulatory services. Mary Eliza Mahoney- 1st African-American RN in the USA, concerned with relationships between cultures and races, Cofounder of The National Association of Colored People. Isabel Hampton Robb- founder of modern ANA and American nursing theory, established nursing standards, develop a grading policy, author of nursing textbooks. Lillian Wald and Mary Brewster opened the Henry Street Settlement. 7. Theories are designed to explain a phenomenon such as self-care or caring. A nursing theory is a conceptualization of some aspect of nursing that describes, explains, predicts, or prescribes nursing. It helps to identify the focus, means, and goals of practice. Theories give us perspective for assessing our patients’ situations and organizing data and methods for analyzing and interpreting information. Integration of theory into practice is the basis for professional nursing. PROFESSIONALISM 1. Caring, Competence, Collaboration, Critical thinking, Commitment to Holistic care, Integrity, Responsibility, and Accountability. 2. A profession requires a basic liberal foundation and an extended education of its members, it has a theoretical body of knowledge leading to defined skills, abilities, and norms, it provides a specific service, members of a profession have autonomy in decision making and practice, and the profession as a whole has a code of ethics for practice. 3. LPN Associate Degree in Nursing (ADN)- 2 year program that focuses on the basic sciences and theoretical and clinical courses related to the practice of nursing. Bachelor of Science in Nursing (BSN)- 4 year programs that focuses on the basic sciences; theoretical and clinical courses; and courses in the social sciences, arts, and humanities to support the nursing theory Master’s Degree- is important for the roles of a nurse educator and nurse administrator, and it is required for an advanced practice registered nurse Doctoral * Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)- Emphasize more basic research and theory and research-oriented * Doctor of Nursing Practice (DNP)- practice-focused and provides skills in obtaining expanded knowledge through the formulation and interpretations of evidence-based practice 4. Caregiver- help patients maintain and regain health, manage disease and symptoms, and attain a maximal level function and independence through the healing process. Advocate- protect your patient’s human and legal rights and provide assistance in asserting these rights if the need arises. Educator- explain concepts and facts about health, describe the reason for routine care activities, demonstrate procedures such as self-care activities, reinforce learning or patient behavior, and evaluate the patient’s progress in learning. Communicator- it allows you to know your patients’ strengths, weaknesses, and their needs. Without it you cannot give comfort and emotional support, make decisions with patients and families, give care effectively, protect patients from threats to well-being, coordinate and manage patient care, assist in patient rehabilitation, or provide patient education. Manager- uses appropriate leadership styles to create a nursing environment for the patients and staff that reflect the mission and values of the health care organization. 5. Licensure- Must pass NCLEX to receive license. This provides a standard minimized knowledge base for nurses. 6. Certified by national nursing organizations in about 20 specific areas of nursing practice. After passing an exam, maintain certification by completing CEU’s. 7. According to Benner, an expert nurse passes through five levels of proficiency when acquiring and developing generalist or specialized nursing skills. Novice-beginning nursing student learns via a specific set of rules or procedures. Advanced Beginner-Nurse has had some level of experience, may be observational, but is able to identify meaningful aspects or principles of nursing care. Competent- establish long-range goals, and has been in the same position for 2-3 years with an understanding of organization and specific care required by the type of patient. Proficient- Same clinical position for 2-3 years, focuses on managing care, and is able to assess an entire situation and can readily transfer knowledge gained from multiple previous experiences to a situation. Expert-can focus on multiple dimensions of a situation and has an intuitive grasp of an existing or potential clinical problem. Skilled at identifying patient-centered problems and problems related to the health care sys tem. 8. 9. Advanced Practice Nurse-most independent nurse, has master’s degree in nursing; advanced education in pathophysiology, pharmacology, and physical assessment; and certification and expertise in a specialized area of practice-clinical nurse specialist, certified nurse practitioner, certified nurse midwife, and certified RN anesthetist. Nurse Educator-works primarily in schools of nursing, staff development department of health care agencies, and patient education departments. Must have experience in clinical practice to provide them with practical skills and theoretical knowledge. Nurse Administrator- manages patient care and the delivery of specific nursing services within a health care agency. Examples: assistant nurse manager, nurse manager, house supervisor, director of nursing, and chief nurse executive or vice president. Nurse Researcher- investigates problems to improve nursing care and further define and expand the scope of nursing practice. 10. National League for Nursing-advances excellence in nursing education to prepare nurses to meet the needs of a diverse population in a changing health care environment. American Nurses Association- improves standards of health and availability of health care, to foster high standards for nursing, and to promote the professional development and general and economic welfare of nurses. International Council of Nursing- promote national associations of nurses, improving standards of nursing practice, seeking higher status for nurses, and providing an international power base for nurses. National Student Nurses Association/ Student Nurse Association of PA- consider issues of importance to nursing students such as career development and preparation for licensing. Specialty Organizations- seek to improve the standards of practice, expand nursing roles, and foster the welfare of nurses within specialty areas. Publish journals and present educational programs. 11. 12. Problem-solving approach to clinical practice that involves the conscientious use of current best evidence, along with clinical expertise and patient preferences and values in making decisions about patient care. 13. Ask a clinical question that is problem focused. Collect the most relevant and best evidence. Critically appraise the evidence you gather. Integrate all evidence with one’s clinical expertise and patient preferences and values in making a practice decision or change. Evaluate the practice decision or change. Share knowledge. LEGAL ISSUES IN NURSING PRACTICE 1. Statutory Law- written by state legislature and U.S. Congress-may be a civil or criminal offense. Civil laws protect the rights of individuals within our society and provide for fair and equitable treatment when civil wrongs or violations occur. Fines or community service and examples are malpractice or negligence. Criminal laws protect society as a whole and provide punishment for crimes, which are defined as municipal, state, and federal legislation-felony or misdemeanor. Administrative Law (Regulatory Law)-reflects decisions made by administrative bodies such as State Boards of Nursing when they pass rules and regulations. Common Law-results from judicial decision made in courts when individual legal cases are decided-informed consent, patients right to refuse treatment, negligence, and malpractice. 2. Federal laws- body of laws that were created by the federal government of the country. Emergency Medical Treatment and Active Labor Law (EMTALA)- when patient comes to emergency department an appropriate medical screening occurs within the capacity of the hospital- cannot discharge or transfer patient until they are stable. The Health Care Quality Improvement Act of 1986. Patient Bill of Right- became patient care partnership given out to patients. The Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA)- prohibits discrimination and ensures for persons with disabilities equal opportunities in employment, state and local government services, public accommodations, commercial facilities, and transportation. People with HIV do not have to disclose their disability. Patient Self-Determination Act (PSDA)-requires health care institutions to provide written information to patients concerning their right under state law to make decisions including the right to refuse treatment and formulate advance directives. Patients records need to document whether or not the patient has signed an advance directive. For living wills or durable powers of attorney for health care to be enforceable, the patient must be legally incompetent or lack to the capacity to make decisions regarding health care treatment. Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA)-protects individu als from losing their health care insurance when changing jobs by providing portability. These rules create patient rights to consent to the use and disclosure of their protected health information, to inspect and copy one’s medical record, and to amend mistaken or incomplete information. State Laws-Mandatory Reporting Laws-communicable diseases, school immunizations, suspected neglect and abuse, legal immunity provided to the reporter, may face civil or criminal action if nor reported. Good Samaritan Laws-limit liability and offer legal immunity if a nurse helps at the scene of an accident. Nurse Practice Act- describe and define the legal boundaries of nursing practice within each state. Scope of Practice-perform a procedure in which you have training for, distinguishes between nursing and malpractice. 3. RN-licensed and educated in nursing process and critical thinking; responsible for who you delegate to. LPN- licensed but does not cover assessment of patient. Can collect data but must give to nurse. NA/PCT- not licensed 4. Standards of care are set by ANA and are the legal requirements for nursing practice that describe the minimum acceptable nursing care. Nurse practice act defines scope of nursing practice, distinguishing between nursing and medical practice and establishing education and licensure requirements for nurses. Internal-Standards defined within hospital. External- developed by ANA and TJC-accredited body of the hospital-health department. 5. Established to help accredited organizations address specific areas of concern in regards to patient safety. Identify patients correctly. Improve staff communication. Use medicines safely. Prevent infection. Identify patient safety risks. Prevent mistakes in surgery. 6. Advance directive include living wills, health care proxies, and durable powers of attorney for health care. They are based on values of informed consent, patient autonomy over end-of-life decisions, truth telling, and control over the dying process. 7. Living wills represent written documents that direct treatment in accordance with a patient’s wishes in the event of a terminal illness or condition. The patient is able to declare which medical procedures he or she wants or does not want when terminally ill or in a vegetative state. Durable Power of Attorney for health care is a legal document that designates a person or persons of one’s choosing to make health care decisions when the patient is no lo nger able to make decisions on his or her own behalf. 8. 9. 10. Negligence is conduct that falls below a standard of care. Courts define negligence cases as the degree of care that an ordinarily careful and prudent person would use under the same or similar circumstances. 11. Malpractice is a type of negligence and is often referred to as professional negligence. When nursing care falls below a standard of care, nursing malpractice occurs. 12. Assault- any action that places a person in apprehension of a harmful or offensive contact without consent. Battery-any intentional touching without consent. False Imprisonment-unjustified restraint of a person without legal warrant and requires the patient be aware of confinement. Defamation of Character- publication of false statements that result in damage to a persons’ reputation. Invasion of Privacy- the release of a patient’s medical information to an unauthorized person such as a member of the press, the patient’s employer, or the patient’s family. Breach of Confidenti ality-

Tim hortons Essay Example for Free

Tim hortons Essay Mr. Jake Zablocki, Miss Harjinder Sandhu , Mr Roysten Fernandes and Miss Maria Klepikova will together comprise the board of directors and will be involved in day to day activity . Board Of directors * ( we can exclude this )* Mr. Jake Zablocki as the Chairman Miss Harjinder Sandhu as the Chief Operating officer Mr Roysten Fernandes as the President Miss Maria Klepikova as the Vice-president The key advisors are: Miss Harjinder Sandhu Legal Consultant Miss Sandhu is an in house legal advisor and voluntarily offers her services as part of the management team. Mr Jake Zablocki  ± Account Manager Mr Zablocki will assume all the accounting responsibilities and will manage the business joint account separately Royal Bank of Canada. Infrastructure Who are key outside advisors, such as accountants, lawyers, or co nsultants, and what is their compensation package? Enter text here. NA Contracts and Franchise Agreements What are the company ¶s management contracts, non -compete agreements, franchise, or other contractual agreements? Enter text here. We( Name to be decided ) have entered into an Franchise Agreement with Tim Horton ¶s for a period of 10 years with an option to renew for further 10 years at the discretion of the management team Business Plan Non Compete agreement exists between the four entrepreneurs for a period of 5 years of restricting to enter into food beverages in Ontario for the smooth function of the business. Insurance If you have a buy-sell agreement, who will be insured in terms of life insurance policies on key personnel for which the company is the beneficiary? Enter text here. We have a buy and sell agreement in place , a type of insurance where all the four partners are assure for life. The Insurance policy will be placed under a trust. All the four member will be the trustee. Buy and Sell: means the legal representa  tives of the deceased are obliged to sell the share to the remaining partners who are in turn obliged to buy it. The remaining partners are able to buy the share from the proceeds of a life insurance policy taken out by the deceased on their own life and placed in trust for the remaining partners. Employee Stock Option Plan and Other Incentives What employee stock option or other incentive plans will be in effect? Enter text here. We do not have any employee stock option plan or incentive plan other than the one run by Tim Horton ¶s time to time. Organization Charts How is the company organized? Enter text here. The management team contributes equally to the success of the business. 8 ? Business an Mr Jake Za ck Miss ar inder Sandhu Bussiness Mr ysten Fernandes Miss Maria Kle ik va 9 Business Plan PRODUCT/SERVICE Purpose of the Product/Service What is the purpose of the product/service? How does the product/service benefit the customer? Does it solve a problem or address an opportunity; is it a luxury item or a needed item? Enter text here. Unique Features What are the unique features of the product/service, such as cost, design, quality, capabilities? Enter text here. Stage of Development What is the history of product/service life cycle, and which stage of development is the product/service currently in? Enter text here. Future Research and Development What, if any, future research and development efforts will be required? Enter text here. Trademarks, Patents, Copyrights, Licenses, Royalties What patents, trademarks, service marks, or copyrights have been obtained? W hat license or royalty agreements are associated with the product/service, and what plans are there for future agreements? Enter text here. Government Approvals What governmental approvals are necessary, and what is the status of such approvals? Enter text here. Product/Service Limitations What are the limitations of the product/service, if any? Enter text here. Product/Service Liability What are the liabilities this product/service may pose? What are the insurance requirements and costs? Enter text here. Related Products/Services and Spin-Offs What are the related services that will be provided, and how will they increase or enhance the profitability of the venture? What new product or service spin -offs could be developed to meet changing market needs in this industry or others? Enter text here. 10 Business Plan Production How much will be produced internally, and how much of the production will be subcontracted out? What are the costs and services involved with subcontracting? Who are the backup subcontractors; what are their costs, and who supplies the services? Enter text here. Facilities What are the plans for facilities (manufacturing, office, retail)? What are the manufacturing plans, that is, the manufacturing facility, production capacity, and future capita l-equipment needs? Enter text here. Suppliers Who are the major raw material suppliers, and what are the significant purchasing contracts with them? Are there backup suppliers? Enter text here. Environmental Factors What is the potential environmental impact of the product or service? What steps will the company take to protect the environment? What environmental agencies regulate the product or service? Enter text here. 11 Business Plan MARKETING PLAN Industry Profile Current Size What is the current size of your industry? Enter text here. Growth Potential Is this a growth, stable, or declining industry? Enter text here. Geographic Locations Is your industry located in a specific area of the country? Enter text here. Industry Trends What are the trends in the industry? What effect does technology have on the business? Enter text here. Seasonality Factors What are the special seasons in your industry? Enter text here. Profit Characteristics What are the profit characteristics for your industry? Enter text here. Distribution Channels What distribution channels currently exist to support the sale of your product or service? Enter text here. Basis of Competition What is the basis of competition for your industry? Enter text here. Competition Profile What is the profile of the competition? What is your competitive advantage? Enter text here. Customer Profile What is the profile of the intended customer? What are the reactions to the product/service from prospective customers? Enter text here. Target Market Profile What is the target market, size, and cost of market penetration? 12 Business Plan Enter text here. Pricing Profile What is the pricing structure? What are your policies on negotiating a price for large orders or on special price deals for penetrating the market? How is the pricing structure sensitive to the customer ¶s buying points? Enter text here. Gross Margin on Products/Services What is the gross margin potential? What are the industry ¶s pricing policies? Do you differ? Enter text here. Break-Even Analysis What is the break-even point for your product/service? Enter text here. Market Penetration Distribution Channels What distribution channels will be used for selling the product or service to the end user? Enter text here. Sales Representatives How will sales representatives be used as an approach for selling the product or service to the end user? Enter text here. Direct-Sales Force How will a direct-sales force be used for selling the product or service to the end user? Enter text here. Direct Mail/Telemarketing How will direct mail or telemarketing be used as an approach for selling the product/service to the end user? Enter text here. Advertising and Promotion What advertising and promotion media will be used for the distribution system and end users? Enter text here. Packaging and Labeling What kind of packaging and labeling will be used? Enter text here. Service and Warranties What warranties and guarantees will be offered? Enter text here. 13 Business Plan Trade Shows What trade shows do you plan to use to exhibit your product/service? Enter text here. Future Markets What opportunities could occur in future markets? Enter text here. 14 Business Plan OPERATING AND CONTROL SYSTEMS Administrative Policies, Procedures and Controls Receiving Orders What administrative policies, procedures, and controls will be used for receiving orders? Enter text here. Billing the Customers What administrative policies, procedures, and controls will be used for billing the customers? Enter text here. Paying the Suppliers What administrative policies, procedures, and controls will be used for paying the suppliers? Enter text here. Collecting the Accounts Receivable What administrative policies, procedures, and controls will be used for collecting the accounts receivable? Will you have a separate collection department? Use a collection agency? Use factoring?

Social And Emotional Development Of Children

Social And Emotional Development Of Children Social and emotional development underpins effective learning, positive behaviour and the judgements they make in and out of school. Schools need to be places where emotions are accepted as normal, unthreatening, discussed freely, expressed safely strategies and support are written in statements and policies. A successful strategy that has been introduced into schools is SEAL, SEAL stands for social, emotional aspects of learning, and this is a school programme that focuses on the development and the application of social and emotional skills. Not only does SEAL consider the needs of the children but also all that work in the setting, providing support for them to implement the strategies that it highlights. Its important in the early years that practitioners understand that children develop at different rates; emotionally others are more mature than others. This is a similar situation for social development children that dont have enough social experiences from a young age are less likely to be social in a classroom due to lack of confidence. The theorist Bowlby is most famous for his attachment theory he devised the term maternal deprivation (Bowlby, n.d.) this was because he believed that if children were separated from their mothers at young age then they would be psychology damaged (Squire, 2007) this supports the theory that without enough social attachment and experiences in the early stages of life then children are more likely to be unconfident in social situations and find it harder to adapting to school life. The EYFS believe that all children are ready to learn. The EYFS (2012, pp.2) states that Development is not an automatic process, however. It depends on each unique child having opportunities to interact with positive relationships and enabling environments being a unique child emphasises more on the fact that children do develop at different rates. So having relationships with people and being in a encouraging environment helps develop children socially and emotionally, this is why its essential practitioners and schools provide these are much as possible. It is proven that in the 21st century children are more likely to worry about family, school, friendships from two decades ago (Blake, 2007). This is a worrying result because most people have the view that childhood should be carefree and trouble free. Schools have more pressure now more than ever to ensure that children have a safe and worry free environment to learn in. Social development is promoted in all child care settings, teachers are using group tasks more and involving children as much as possible, if they realise that a child is withdrawn then action is taken to involve this child such as talking to them and introducing new provisions such as a buddy system at play times so children can always have someone to socialise with. However when it comes to emotional development, I havent seen many provisions put into place to support this, some schools introduce schemes such as emotion sticks in which the children place their name in the pot with the emotion that they are feelin g that day, this quickly faded out because the children forgot and the practitioners forgot to remind the children that they need to do this, circle time is a popular way that schools choose to support emotional development, this is very effective in the early years, unfortunately not every school use circle time often because they dont have time and it wont fit into their curriculum so its often put aside. One way in which some schools promote emotional and social development is interacting with the community in which they live in, this gives children the sense of belonging and a strong self-image, this in turn builds self-esteem, the higher their self-esteem is then the more confident the child will be, making the most of opportunities especially throughout the school, because they have already had the experience of being involved with the charity event or helping the elderly they will be more confident in the social aspect of new activities but also emotionally because they have more confidence in what they can do. The every child matters document supports this strategy, the ECM has a section titled make a positive contribution helping the community is part of this. There are several strategies that schools use to support emotional and social development, in order to keep these as effective as possible, the school need to review the strategies as often as needed to ensure that they are working, if a method isnt working then another is chosen and used in the school. This can be done by monitoring the children whilst they are taking part in the strategies to see how they are using them, if they are engaged and involving themselves in them then this is a good sign however if a couple of children dont feel comfortable or utilising the method as desired then a different approach may need to be taken. Reviewing the strategies every term is a good way to see how effective it is, another strategy can then be introduced in the next term, and once the method that is the most effective in the school for the pupils, teachers and parents then it can be used throughout the school, different age groups may also need different strategies, older childrens emotio nal and social developmental needs will be different to the early years, this needs to be taken in consideration when planning approaches. Some schools may end up with 2 or 3 different methods being used in the school. One of the most recent strategies that schools use to support emotional and social development is the healthy schools scheme. This was set up to promote healthy eating and exercise in schools, not only does this promote concentration in the classrooms but it involves children in activities organised by the school, the way in which the schools implement this strategy is up to them, some may decide to use Activate or Wake Up Shake Up in their school day or by introducing healthy snacks at break and lunch time. A Healthy  School  promotes  the  health  and  well ­being  of  its  pupils  and  staff through  a well-planned,  taught  curriculum  in  a  physical  and  emotional environment  that  promotes  learning  and  healthy  lifestyle  choices (Departement of Health, 2007) This strategy was more important than ever in 2012 due to the London Olympic Games, children wanted to be more active in and out of schools, so having sports days and Olympic challenges was an ideal way to promote healthy schools further. The walking and cycling provisions that some schools use, involve the children in the community as well as being sociable, this supports the emotional and social development of children. However not all schools provide strategies such as these, some schools dont have the funding whereas others dont see it as an important aspect of childrens learning. When the scheme was first introduced thousands of schools took it on board however as the years have passed its become increasingly difficult for schools to motivate themselves to continue the strategy. In order for healthy schools to once again be a priority for schools, new ways of promoting healthy eating and exercise need to be put into place, schools could involve the children in this process, this would also make the children more motivated to actually do the activities because they have had an input. If a child is constantly being told that they are unhe althy therefore they need to take part in the schools activities, then their self-esteem is going to get lower and lower which has a considerable effect on the childs emotional welfare, they will eventually have a negative view of themself, schools need to be aware of this and ensure that no child is told they are unhealthy or lazy, every child needs to take part in the scheme as much as possible. In contrast to the recent impact of healthy schools, there has been numerous research and discussion about gender roles. There is the ultimate question of, are girls born automatically liking pink and boys liking blue? There will never be an exact answer to this question some will say its to do with nature whereas others will say affected by nurture. When children first come into a setting, they may feel pressure to go and play with the construction area if they are a boy or immediately go into the role play area if they are a girl. This attitude is changing and children are becoming more confident in their own decisions as to where they should play, however some parents heavily promote girls playing with dolls and putting on makeup the same is for boys, parents may want their son to play football or rugby which are heavily male influenced. This goes against the various strategies that schools are implementing to help prevent children feeling as though they dont have an individual id entity, which affects their emotional understanding. Dowling (2012, pp.159) agrees with this point young children will only become confused if values at home and nursery are in direct opposition Every classroom should be gender neutral with pale walls, and pictures of girls and boys playing in the different areas of the classroom, providing activities that both girls and boys can play with for example not just providing colouring pages for girls but for boys as well. However even though this method is being implemented, the media still goes against a gender neutral environment, portraying women in Disney films as being helpless and in danger and having a dashing knight coming to save the day, this gives children the perception that women are weaker and less brave then men. However this attitude will almost never be changed, companies know what makes them money and if it means giving children mixed views about themselves then they will continue to do it. Its essential that schools co ntinue to use the action that they are taking to help prevent these views coming into schools. Not only is it important that classrooms are inclusive, the practitioners also need have an understanding and agreement about inclusion, in order to provide equal opportunities for every child (Beaty, 2006) One of the most effective provisions that schools have introduced is circle time. Jenny Mosley is the brains behind the whole school approach towards circle time. Good behaviour management is key when doing circle time, the children need to know the rules that surround circle time, its a trusting place where the children can communicate with each other and discussing issues that they feel are important and is also a great opportunity for children to socialise with the rest of the class. Circle time can also be used as a anti bullying technique, if children arent getting along in or out of the classroom then this strategy can be used to give the children the opportunity to talk about their issues, this also opens their eyes to the fact that they may of really upset the other children, providing emotional awareness that a childs actions may affect another child and they may not even know it. Circle time works best when its not done too often; having circle time every day would be borin g for the children and the teacher and would lose the desired effect. It provides opportunities to learn how to listen and respect others; its also an emotionally safe place for children to be in with trusting people and a comfortable environment. (Circle Time, n.d.) However because circle time is the most effective when its done regularly, it can be easy to forget the routine of circle time missing circle time several weeks in a row can effect children because they may have something specific they want to say in circle time and dont get the opportunity to say it because the teacher has forgotten about circle time, this can be easily resolved the children could be responsible for reminding the teacher about circle time, having a day activity planner in a visible place that consists of pictures and words so the children can see what they are doing also, is a good way to inform that circle time will be happening, reassuring the children. Circle time additionally provides important tim e for children and practitioners to develop a trusting and positive relationship; this is why circle time is especially important in the first couple of weeks of term. The professional relationship between parents and teachers is just as important, parents and carers need to know that their child is safe and happy in the setting, if a parent has concerns about their child then the teacher is the first person that they will go to, for example if a parent thinks that their child is being bullied by another child in the class then the teacher and parent can work together to think of techniques to use in order to stop this happening, circle time could be one of the strategies used. A method that was used in a school to promote the relationships between child and teacher and parent and teacher was stay and play. This occurred once a week and parents or relatives had the choice to join in on activities in the classroom, it would start off by the teacher explaining what the activities were for, how they linked in with the curriculum and what the parents could do to further encourage the learning at home, the stay and play session lasted for 45 minutes, th e teacher answered any questions that they were asked, and the children enjoyed playing with the various activities in the classroom with the support from parents and teachers. This was a very effective strategy used in this school, and they can continue to maintain the building relationships by having parent councils like the one in Bruce Grove Primary School, they found a parent council very effective it provided opportunities for parents to communicate with one another and have their input into how they wanted their children to learn. This continues the positive relationship between schools and parents/carers, its essential that there is constant communication because they both want the children to learn and develop to the best of their ability, when children see the positive relationship between their parents and their teacher, it makes them comfortable around the teacher. Not only is the relationships within school important but the environment is equally important, the EYFS approach to the unique child consists of positive relationships and an enabling environment. An environment that provides opportunities and exploration also needs to make the child feel safe and secure. These positive environments from the EYFS (2012, pp.2) explain that they need to have stimulating resources, relevant to all the childrens cultures and communities successfully combining play and learning especially in early years settings, this is important because then children will link learning with being fun. Not only do schools need to support children with their emotional and social development but they also need to support them to take risks and explore new environments, children learn the most effectively through personal experiences so promoting these gives children more confidence in their abilities and having a better perception of themself. Positive relationships and e nabling environments ensures learning and development. Observing, assessing and planning ensures that strategies work in the setting and meet the childrens individual needs. Each section of the EYFS document are individual however they are all underpinned by the basic factors to successfully support childrens social and emotional development. Every unique child needs positive relationships from every direction; parents, teachers and fellow peers. Enabling environments that are supportive and positive these together will equal to learning and development.

Franklin D. Roosevelt Essay -- essays research papers

Franklin Delano Roosevelt was born January 30, 1882. He was the only child. His parents were James Roosevelt and Sara Delano Roosevelt. He was raised very fortunate because his family had a lot of money. Franklin, at age fourteen, attended Groton School. For his undergraduate degree he attended Harvard University. At Harvard he was elected editor-in-chief of the college paper. Franklin looked up to his distant cousin, Teddy Roosevelt. He wanted to be in office just like Teddy was. He ran for his first office in 1910 for New York’s state Senator. With in three years he was chosen Assistant Secretary of the Navy, a highly respected position.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In August of 1921 Roosevelt was paralyzed in both legs due to a disease called polio. This meant that he had to stop swimming and sailing, two of his favorite hobbies. Because of his inability to do the things he loved, he spent more time focusing on his political ambitions. It also helped him become more aware of the problems the people were facing. In 1928, he was elected to the governorship in New York. He was nominated for presidency in 1932. In his campaign he promised that the government would be responsible for the welfare of the people. With fifty-seven percent of the popular vote he was elected President. In his first term he called two emergency sessions, in which he created major acts and administrative bodies of the New Deal.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Roosevelt started by solving the banking p...

The Day The World Ended :: essays research papers

SONS AND LOVERS Relationships have, and always will contain many different levels. These levels can produce somewhat of a state of confusion in ones life, and have many different impacts. But when a change and a transformation takes place, one can reach a point of clarity and a new found direction. In the comparison of two novels, we see several relationships portrayed along these lines, and how the two main characters transform to find what is most sacred to them. Paul Morel is the main character in D.H. Lawrence's novel 'Sons and Lovers.'; The story charts his early life from when his parents married, and the subsequent birth of their four children. During this time, the three women who have the greatest impact on Paul's life are his mother, Miriam and Clara. Each woman displays a definite influence on Paul, but all three are shown in different times of his life. This influence goes on to shape the life of Paul. In conjunction to this, the story of 'The French Lieutenants Woman'; and the main char acter in that story, Charles, will be compared showing similarities and differences of the relationships of women in his life.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In the story 'Sons and Lovers'; from the very beginning their was a connection between Paul and his mother. It was seen that a bond was formed between the two of them, but it wasn't very strong in the beginning. The strong mother –son bond was between Paul's older brother William and his mother. Paul appeared to be jealous of this, and it wasn't until William moved away that Paul's mother noticed him. William was offered a job in London, the 'big city'; in comparison to their town. When he left, it was almost like a part of his mother had left too. She was crushed, very upset, and very unstable. It wasn't until Paul came down with an illness, and was on the boundaries of death when his mother finally really took notice in him. Paul was then nursed back to himself, and shared this same type of bond that William had shared with his mother. Mrs. Morel (the mother) lived for her children, especially William, but then Paul. As Paul grew older, his mother never su ffered alone, and neither did he. He was always there for her when she needed him, she told him all her problems, and he listened as best he could, as a child and as a man.

Samuel Coleridges Poem Kubla Khan Essay -- Poem Poet Coleridge Kubla

Samuel Coleridge's Poem Kubla Khan In the poem Kubla Khan by Samuel Coleridge, language is used to convey images from Coleridge’s imagination. This is done with the use of vocabulary, imagery, structure, use of contrasts, rhythm and sound devices such as alliteration and assonance. By conveying his imagination by using language, the vocabulary used by coleridge is of great importance. The five lines of the poem Kubla Khan sound like a chant or incantation, and help suggest mystery and supernatural themes of the poem. Another important theme of the poem is that of good versus evil. The vocabulary used throughout the poem helps convey these themes in images to the reader. In the first two lines, Coleridge describes the ‘pleasure dome’ in Xanadu. In Xanadu did Kubla Khan a stately pleasure dome decree Kubla Khan did not merely order, but decree that a ‘stately pleasure dome’ be built. This dome is evidence of how unnatural the place of Xanadu is, it has a ruler who ignores the unpleasantness that can be found in life. The use of vocabulary challenges and teases the imagination into seeing what he, Coleridge saw in his dream. In Xanadu, there are not small streams, but ‘sinuous rills’ and wall and towers do not enclose the gardens but are ‘girdled round’. Coleridge’s use of language and vocabulary helps to convey the extent of his imagination. In the poem Kubla Khan, imagery is also important for Coleridge to convey his imagination to the reader. There are images of paradise throughout the poem that are combined with references to darker, more evil places. On example of this is the ‘demon lover’ that has bewitched the woman. Coleridge’s image of the ‘dome of pleasure’ is mystical, contradicting the restrictions of realism. Xanadu is also a savage and ancient place where pure good and pure evil are much more apparent than in the monotony of everyday living. By using images, Coleridge conveys the extent of his imagination to readers. The structure of Kubla Khan is really in two parts. The first, which contains three stanzas, describes Xanadu as if Coleridge is actually there, experiencing the place first hand. The second part of the poem is filled with longing to be in Xanadu, but Coleridge is unable to capture the experience again. The first stanza has a definite rhythm and beat and describes the beauty and sacredness of Xanadu with rich,... ...tant threat of destruction. ‘Ancestral voices prophesying war’ could be likened to God’s warning to go near the tree, as Eve fell for the snake’s treacherous charm. Coleridge describes the river as ‘sacred’ on numerous occasions throughout the poem, and to Xanadu as ‘holy and enchanted’. This is yet another contrast, how can something holy be enchanted at the same time? Coleridge talks too of ‘miracles’ but mingled with the holiness, Coleridge refers to hell with his choice of language to depict what is outside the pleasure dome. The demons described are closely related to witchcraft and the closing lines of Kubla Khan describe pagan rituals that attempt to protect not only the reader, but also Coleridge himself from the forces of evil and the extent of his imagination. Coleridge, having ‘drunk the milk of paradise’ desired and sought after the beautiful image of Xanadu and Utopia and his final stanza is his way to describe to the reader how badly he wants to go back there. By using his wide vocabulary to depict images and contrasts with the help of some literary techniques such as imagery and contrasts, Coleridge easily conveys to the reader the extent of his imagination.

Music affect the growth of a plant Essay

Plant growth is the development of seeds of a plant, which might be surrounded by a protective and nutrient rich layer called the fruit, into plant tissue that includes roots, leaves, and the stem (along with all the cells and other things that this tissue is composed of) to create a fully functioning, living, multi-cellular, eukaryotic organism that lacks the ability to move (a plant). Their growth is affected by several factors that include soil moisture, soil pH, sunlight, nitrogen-content of the soil and more. If some these factors are affected in negative ways, then there can be some negative outcomes on the plant itself which could include death. Music might also be one of these affecting factors. In this experiment, two very young plants (pinto bean sprouts – Phaseolus vulgaris) will be planted at the same time and will have the same amount of everything; from sunlight to the amount of water they get daily. After they have grown a little and the stem has begun to emerge from within the cotyledons of the bean, they are then separated, and one plant sits in the peace and quiet as a control while the other is subjected to some serious loud music. If conditions are right, the music should stimulate the plants growth. Hypothesis If a pinto bean sprout (Phaseolus vulgaris) plant is grown in a quiet area and another pinto bean sprout is grown in an area with loud music playing, the plant in the area with music will grow to be much larger. The amount of growth will be measured with a metric ruler in centimeters Variables Independent Variables: Temperature, Light, Water: These three factors are equally distributed among both plants, so only variable that would affect plant growth is the music played. Type of Plant and soil: same type of bean sprout used for both plants as to ensure that there are no other variables other than the music being played for the plant along with the same type of garden soil Dependent Variables: The height of both plants after a day of one plant being exposed to silence and the other to music. Control of Variables: 1. Get to pinto beans (Phaseolus vulgaris) to be grown that are identical to ensure no other affecting variables in this experiment other than the music being played. 2. Expose both plants to identical conditions of moisture, temperature, sunlight and have both of them grow in the same type of garden soil and they will be grown in containers with the same size as well. 3. For the plant being exposed to music, the same album is played over and over so the type of music is consistent. Materials and Method Materials 2 pinto bean sprouts (Phaseolus vulgaris) 180 ml of water 2 plant pots – top opening is 4 inch diamter 2x ‘500g’ of garden soil 500 watt stereo Metric Ruler Linkin Park Album – Hybrid Theory 100 ml graduated cylinder Method and Procedure 1. Take the 2 plant pots and fill them each with 500 g of garden soil 2. Then, take a pinto bean and plant it in each of the pots; plant each bean so that it is just barely submerged under the soil. 3. Then, take each pot to a different location, but a location in which both plants will be exposed to the same amount of sunlight, heat, etc†¦ 4. Then, just leave one plant in the serenity of its surroundings (it’s the control) and place the 500 watt stereo next to the other plant. Put the CD into the stereo and have the stereo play at about three-fourths its full volume and have it play next to the plant and have it play for a minimum of 7 hours next to the plant. Look at the diagram below for more information. 5. At noon give both plants 30 ml of water using the graduated cylinder. Do this again at 6 p. m. 6. The next day, note your observations and record your findings in a table. 7. Then feed the plants again and play the music for at least 7 hours and record the observations once more the next day. SETUP Data Collection and Evaluation Table: The effect of music on plant growth Day Plant without Music Plant with Music 1 The plant had sprouted and a small stem began to appear- 2 cm in length The plant had also sprouted and a stem larger than that of the other plant’s appeared- about 2. 47 cm 2 The plant continued to grow and the stem had reached a height of approximately 3. 22 cm. The plant’s stem also continued to grow but the stem had now reached a height of about 3. 85 cm Data Evaluation From the numbers and observations presented in the above data, that as time passed and the plants were closely monitored, the plant that had the music playing seemed to grow a lot more than the plant that grew in the quiet and serene environment; the quiet plant ended with a height of 3. 22 cm while the plant with music ended with a height of about 3. 85 cm. Conclusion and Evaluation Conclusion. In the above data, it is deciphered that plants that grow with music grow much more than plants that grow in a quieter environment. This all has to do with the fact that different factors affect or stimulate plants, and sound is one of them. And, from the data, sound is a positive stimuli as it increased plant growth in one of the plants. This verifies the hypothesis and, since there are other results on the internet as well to verify that music really does stimulate plants, the results are plausible and reliable. Limitations Not everything can go according to plan or as hoped and so these errors that occurred during the experiment provide a basis from which the experiment can be proved: 1. There was only one trial instead of several and the experiment in this one trial was over a 48 hour period and it should have been longer so that the true comparison of the difference between a plant grown with music and a plant grown without music can be easily made. 2. Only one type of music (rock) was used and so it is now unknown whether different kinds of music and sound also act as a different stimulus for the plant. Suggestions for Improvement To create a much better and more reliable experiment, the experiment should be carried on for about a 4 day period in order to acquire more results than can show the differences between plants with and without music. Then, there should be at least 3 different plants; one control, one with a type of music, and another with a different type of music. This then will help to go deeper and explore this stimulus of sound toward plants on different levels. This entire experiment should then be at least repeated one more time to ensure plausible results. Bibliography http://forums. gardenweb. com/forums/load/teach/msg0113244514471. html? /teach/msg0113244514471. html http://www. sproutnet. com/toc. htm http://www. gcagators. org/Activities/fair/jason/analysis. htm.

A Father’s Story

Stories often have a main character that is centered on because he/she fails at some responsibility of theirs or falls short of their goal. In â€Å"A Father's Story† written by Andre Dubus, Luke Ripley is a character that succeeds in his responsibilities as a father. Luke shows love, compassion and above all a protective instinct and desire to help his daughter. He emphasizes that he is very religious although perhaps not very devout. All of these characteristics help him fulfill his fatherly duties to his daughter during her stay at his house. Luke has had an interesting life preceding the main events of the story. He has lost his entire family, making him alone in a large house with nothing but horses and a radio to keep him company. Despite those trials, Luke has it inside him to continually show love to his family when they do return, especially to his daughter even though she kills a man. Andre Dubus emphasizes this love and compassion Luke has through some of the background information he gives leading up to the main events of the story. Dubus shows small details that Luke a centers his attention on and the efforts that Luke puts forth to try and love his family after they leave him. There also comes a point in the story where Luke's heart's â€Å"longing to love† as he calls it, makes him bitter with Father Paul. Luke's friendship with Father Paul brings about another very interesting character trait in Luke. This is his religious side. Based on the way that Luke recounts the events of his life, religion is a mayor part and focus of his life. He seems not to be very devout and strict; he says that â€Å"being a real Catholic is too hard. † Still though, he goes to each Sunday Mass and Father Paul is his best, and in truth his only friend. Luke wakes up early each morning and rides his horse to the church. Luke falters only twice as far as his chastity and marriage beliefs are concerned and he describes those two incidents as having been in the distant past and not a reoccurring habit. Luke also realizes that he cannot force or tell his children what to believe but he still tries to point them in the direction that he believes to be right. Luke explains that his religion and Father Paul help to keep him company and keep him strong when his family left him. The main focus of this story however is not about Luke's love and compassion, or his religion; it is about just his fatherly instinct and desire to protect and help his daughter. The entire story, up till the climax Top point, is aimed at Luke's ability to empathize with his daughter and provide her with the comfort and help that she needs. First of all, Jennifer is the youngest child, the baby in the family. This automatically puts her in the position to receive more attention and care from her father. Jennifer also seems to be the one that visits her father the most often and for the longest periods of time. Luke enjoys the time that he gets to spend with his daughter. He relishes in the little details and subtle changes that take place over time. He points out how they are growing up and getting steadily more mature. Luke shows us that he understands and empathizes with his daughter and her transformation into a young adult when he says, â€Å"it was womanhood they were entering, the deep forest of it, and no matter how many women and men too are saying these days that there is little difference between us, the truth is that men find their way into that forest only on clearly marked trails, while women move about in it like birds. Jennifer then wakes her father in the middle of the night to tell him that she has just hit a man, and might have killed him. This is enough to test any father's love, patience, and temper. But Luke rises to the occasion and his character doesn't falter he firsts comforts his daughter and learns the whole story of what has taken place and what has upset her so badly. Then after she has calmed down, and only after she has calmed down, Luke leaves to try and find this man. The result is that Luke finds the man, and watches him die because he is powerless to save him at this point, he does not tell his daughter this, he only says that the man is dead. Then Luke says something interesting, he tells us â€Å"If one of my sons had come to me that night, I would have phoned the police and told them to meet us with an ambulance at the top of the hill I could bear the pain of watching and knowing my sons' pain but never my daughter's. This illustrates with perfect clarity Luke's special love for his daughter and desire to protect her in a way that varies greatly from that of his feelings for his sons. Stories often have a main character that is centered on because he/she fails at some responsibility of theirs or falls short of their goal. In â€Å"A Father's Story† written by Andre Dubus, Luke Ripley is a character that succeeds in his responsibilities as a father.

And Do You Locke, Take Thee Hughes? Essay

In a comparison of the essays â€Å"The New Negro† by Alain Locke and â€Å"The Negro Artist and the Racial Mountain† by Langston Hughes, there exists both similarities and differences. But, what are most striking are the differences between the two, especially in terms of purpose, tone, and audience. Locke and Hughes wrote their essays during the heart of the Harlem Renaissance; 1925 and 1926, respectively. Both men were writing from that vantage point, and with a gaze set firmly on bettering the conditions of those they held in common – the Negro. But these similarities are, in a sense, superficial. After all, there were many writers in that era – any era really – both Black and White, who felt a moral imperative to right the racial wrongs of their time; to wring justice from the cloth of unwarranted suffering. The differences between Locke and Hughes, however, serve as a model; one that illustrates a chasm between the ideas and opinions of that era in terms of how to better their people, as well as why their condition is such that it needs tending. In â€Å"The New Negro,† Locke is saying that the so-called New Negro is already here – in fact, has been here for some time. And, by extension, he’s arguing for the integration – even assimilation – of Blacks into the larger pool that is America. This sentiment is expressed rather poignantly when he says, â€Å"The fiction is that the life of the races is separate, and increasingly so. The fact is that they have touched too closely at the unfavorable and too lightly at the favorable levels.† (20) And it is further strengthened when he says, â€Å"We realize that we cannot be undone without America’s undoing.† (22) That statement holds equally true if one were to rearrange it to read, â€Å"America cannot be undone without our undoing.† Locke has, whether happily or not, acknowledged that the Negro race – for better or for worse, and until death do they part – is indeed married to America. Thus, he is advocating for integration as a means of survival as much as a means of advancement. Hughes, on the other hand, seems to champion the cause of racial distinction insofar as the Negro should be proud to be a Negro. This desire is laid bare when he says, â€Å"But, to my mind, it is the duty of the younger Negro artist†¦ to change through the force of his art that old whispering ‘I want to be White,’†¦ to ‘Why should I want to be white? I am a Negro – and beautiful.’† (28) Perhaps Hughes, too, would acknowledge a state of matrimony between the Negro race and America. But where he seems to diverge from Locke is in his almost visceral advocacy for the spouses’ maintenance of their own identities within that marriage. With Locke, although he doesn’t use the metaphor â€Å"racial mountain† in his essay, it is apparent that such an impediment exists. His path forward – whether to the top of that mountain or around it – lies in fostering meaningful relationships between the elites of both major races. This is expressed when he says, â€Å"†¦more immediate hope rests in the revaluation by white and black alike of the Negro in terms of his artistic endowments and cultural contributions, past and prospective.† (24) And, more eloquently when he says, â€Å"He now becomes a conscious contributor and lays aside the status of a beneficiary and ward for that of a collaborator and participant in American civilization.† (24) Returning to the marriage analogy, these sentiments politely convey a sense of frustration, perhaps not unlike what many married women in that time period felt; a sense of, â€Å"I’m not feckless or helpless, and I needn’t be a ward or beneficiary; I’m sturdy and bright and equal to any task that’s laid before me; I just need the space and resource to prove it!† For Hughes, conquering the mountain is to be accomplished using a tack different from that of Locke. In Hughes’s world, victory for the Negro hinges on a tempered dissociation from the white race; not to showcase or inflame racial differences, but to highlight the unique, distinct, and high-minded attributes of his own race. In other words, the Negro should be proud of his culture and his race; the Negro is a corollary to, and a parallel of, the American body, and not merely one ingredient in a larger amalgam. As a stepping stone to accomplishing this, Hughes argues that the fabrication of the â€Å"racial mountain† is due largely to the misguided deeds of his own people – the middle-class Negro in particular. This stance is taken from the outset of his essay when chides the young Negro poet for having said, â€Å"I want to be a poet – not a Negro poet.† (25) To Hughes, such a sentiment is tantamount to wanting to be white. He goes on to say, â€Å"The road for the serious black artist, then, who would produce a racial art is most certainly rocky and the mountain is high.† (27) If one operates under the assumption that Hughes makes his case, then it can logically be said that â€Å"wanting to be white† is tantamount to denial both of â€Å"who we are† and â€Å"where we’ve been.† And that’s the rub; how can an artist be true to him or herself if they don’t even know who they are? And worse, how can they ever hope to elevate their position as a people if, by attempting to do so, they give up their very identity by hewing to the strictures of the White world? Let us not forget, â€Å"An artist must be free to choose what he does, certainly, but he must also never be afraid to do what he must choose.† (29) In terms of their respective tones, there are marked differences between Locke and Hughes. While both are persuasive in nature, Locke’s tone comes across as somehow intimate, and yet fairly matter-of-fact. Whether backed by hard truths or not, he lays out his case in such a manner. He also comes across as subtly – even warmly – patronizing; a confidant or cohort who’s merely guiding his readers to the truth. This can be seen when he says, â€Å"But while the minds of most of us†¦Ã¢â‚¬  and â€Å"Recall how suddenly the Negro spirituals revealed themselves†¦Ã¢â‚¬  His tone is like a proverbial â€Å"arm around the shoulder† and an invitation to the obvious. Hughes on the other hand is more visceral, coming across as chiding, cajoling, and cynical. Whether warranted or a fabrication of his own mind, he bursts from the gates with a thesis statement that doubles as a heavy accusation – that in wanting to be a poet, and not a Negro poet, the young man actually meant that he wanted to be white. And he leaves no room for discussion on the matter; in his mind, it is settled. He continues with this tone when he describes what he believes is â€Å"a fairly typical home of the colored middle class.† (25) And this belief – as far as any evidence offered in his essay – is predicated on no more than this one young Negro poet. He goes on to charge that â€Å"the word white comes to be unconsciously a symbol of all virtues. It holds for the children beauty, morality, and money. The whisper of ‘I want to be white’ runs silently through their minds.† (25) Locke and Hughes are also appealing – at least in part – to different audiences. Locke, while certainly writing to the Black community at large, is deliberate in his inclusion of Whites. This inclusion, in fact, is necessary for his argument to work; his argument for integration. He even addresses those who are undoubtedly white in the beginning of his essay when he says, â€Å"The Sociologist, the Philanthropist†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (17) And he leaves no doubt as to white inclusion in his audience when he says, â€Å"But while the minds of most of us, black and white†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (17) Hughes’s appeal is to the Black community at large too. But it is aimed more at the black elites, the black artists, and the black middle class far more than it is at whites. This is apparent when he cajoles the black artist by saying, â€Å"†¦it is the duty of the younger Negro artist†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (28) And it is clear when he condemns the â€Å"prominent Negro clubwoman† for paying eleven dollars to see a white singer while dismissing â€Å"a great black artist† as â€Å"that woman.† (27) Regardless of the differences in style – purpose, tone, and audience – both of these essays have merit and hold power in their respective goals, which, for the most part are one in the same: to improve the Negro’s standing within the American marriage. Works Cited Locke, Alain. â€Å"The New Negro.† Course Reader, English 1B. Ed. Kelly Vogel. Fall 2012. Print. Hughes, Langston. â€Å"The Negro Artist and the Racial Mountain.† Course Reader, English 1B. Ed. Kelly Vogel. Fall 2012. Print.

Unit 3 Ip

MGMT305-1301B-06 Management Information Systems Shanika Buckner UNIT 3 IP 1. What Internet business model would be appropriate for the company to follow in creating a Web site and why? In creating a business model based on a website I would choose a virtual candy store. Having a virtual candy store would be an excellent idea for children and for those that has to travel to the candy store warehouses. Having a virtual candy store would also make it convenient for customers to shop and buy whatever kind of candy they want and have it delivered right to their front door.With this website, there would also be an opportunity for customers to order online and if some can’t afford to pay for the candy to be shipped to them, they can still order online and choose the date and time they will be able to come into the store and pick their products up, that should also cut down long lines and waiting time. 2. In what ways can the company benefit from a Web site? What functions should it p erform for the company (i. e. , marketing, sales, customer support, internal communications, etc. )?The company would benefit tremendously, there is only one candy store warehouse that I hear everyone say that they go to on the south side of Chicago, but if the warehouse expands its’ business virtually, that way people in other parts of the Chicago area or in Illinois can use this website to shop. The functions this candy warehouse can use would be marketing business to business and customer support. That way when customers use this website, they can tell their friends and they tell other people about the site. 3.In what other ways might the company use the Internet for its own benefit? This candy store warehouse can also benefit from advertising on social networks like Facebook and other sites that millions of people are on daily, the warehouse can advertise their items that are on sale, the website can also benefit its employees by posting their work schedules, pay, the web site can also let customers know of all new items that have been shipped to the warehouse, and because people are able to shop online and have it shipped to hem, the website would be bringing in more money which means that the warehouse can expand even bigger. 4. Prepare functional specifications for the company's use of the Web and the Internet. Include links to and from other sites in your design. The Virtual Candy Store Warehouse Inc. can be based off the http://www. candywarehouse. com website. The Candy Warehouse website has lots of varieties of candies to choose from, they have displays of candies for different events, they have a tab for their new candies, their top sellers, and the company’s favorite candies.The Virtual Candy Store Warehouse Inc. website should be set up not exactly the same but with the same ideas in mind. The Virtual Candy Store website should include the different types of candies, the warehouse best sellers, best candies, and customers’ fav orite candies. The website should also have a shopping cart so that when customers are shopping, they can add their products to their carts so that they can checkout, the website should be a secure website so that customers can use their credit cards, and the website should also include the history of the company.On this website, all the links should have their own individual tabs so that each one can be viewed and shown on a screen of their own. Most websites that we see on the Internet has the tabs at the top of the page, maybe this website can the tabs at the bottom. Another website that would be a good model is http://candyality. com/. 5. Prepare a list of technological specifications for implementation (i. e. , what hardware and software are necessary to support your design)? * Think through options Choosing between building versus buying the hardware * Choosing what software is best for the company * Dealing with hardware * Should you purchase or lease the hardware * Evaluatin g human resources * Choosing and preparing your site References: N. A. (2013) Selecting Your Technology. Retrieved from http://nces. ed. gov/pubs2005/tech_suite/part_3. asp N. A. (2007-2013) Candy Warehouse. Retrieved from http://www. candywarehouse. com/ N. A. (2013) Candyality. com. Retrieved from http://candyality. com/